Simple Car Maintenance Tips

      You drive your car everyday. Do you pay attention to it? Do you feel that slight shimmy in the front end? Is there a new knocking sound under the hood? Is there a rattle in the dashboard? No one knows your car better than you do. If you feel something different, or if it isn't handling correctly take it to your mechanic. It could be something as simple as a tire out of alignment, or perhaps a loose belt. It's always best to find any small problem before it becomes a large one.

Here are some simple maintenance tips that you can follow to help prolong the life of your car, and help save you money.

Domestic air ticket - Lets Enjoy with Benefits

Due to rise in the cost of fuel, the demand of domestic airlines has been increasing constantly among the travel agencies. Traveling by air has become very common and popular. The main reason behind its popularity is its cheap fares along with smart deals and discounts.

If you are searching the easiest and cheapest method to reach somewhere in Pakistan, then you should opt for the domestic air tickets. You can enjoy with leisure through it. The domestic airways are offering you amazing deals with best discounted family and business packages. It will let you to make your trip easy and comfortable. Apart from this, one can get great opportunity to save some part of his salary. You will also get full security with some free facilities while traveling by the domestic airlines.

What is Taekwondo?

TaeKwonDo History

Taekwondo is a martial art independently developed over 20 centuries ago in Korea. Over the many years it has become a popular international sport. The main feature of Taekwondo is that it is a free-fighting combat sport using the bare hands and feet to repel the opponent. TaeKwonDo literally means the way of kicking

and punching. It consists of sharp strong angular movements with free flowing circular movements to produce a balance of beauty and power. With the addition of Taekwondo's trademark kicking techniques it is a complete system of self defense and personal improvement. All of its activities are based on the defensive attitude that originally developed for protection against enemy attacks.

Polo at the peak

        Passion for Polo will be the highest on the world’s highest Polo ground. Every year, Shandur (3,734 meters) invites visitors to experience a traditional polo tournament between the teams of Chitral and Gilgit from 7th to 9th July. The festival also includes folk music, folk dance, traditional sports and a camping village is be set up on the Pass.

Polo is an equestrian sport with its origin embedded in Central Asia dating back to 6th century BC. At first it was a training game for cavalry units for the King’s guards or other elite troops. To the warlike tribesmen who played polo with as many as 100 players to a side, it was a miniature battle. It became a Persian national game in the 6th century AD. From Persia, the game spread to Arabia, then to

Islamic History of Pakistan

The light of Islam penetrated in this part of the world as early as 712 A.D from the west with the Arab General Muhammad bin Qasim and during the 10th century A.D from the north with the Turk Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznah ( better known as Mahmud Ghaznavi).

Islam replaced the early way of life of worshipping idols and introduced new philosophy of faith in one God. With Islam in came a new culture in this land from Arabia and Central Asia. Hence, a new type of architecture, hitherto unknown in this area, was introduced. Tens of thousands of Mosques, Madrasahs, tombs and gardens were created by the Muslim rulers all over the Sub-Continent. The new style of Islamic architecture prevailed and matured in this land for over a

Culture of Pakistan

         The society and culture of Pakistan (Pronounced shmeg-mah) (Urdu: ثقافت پاکستان ) comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups from the Punjabis, Kashmiri and Sindhis in the east to the tribal cultures of the Baloch and Pashtun in the west and the ancient Dardic and Tajik communities in the north. These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as those of Turkish, Persian, Afghan, and  South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.

In ancient times, Pakistan was a major cultural hub and the home of an ancient civilizations, known as the Indus Valley Civilization - one of the first 'settled' peoples and urban centres in the world. Many cultural practices and great monuments have been inherited from the time of the ancient rulers of the region. One of the greatest cultural influences was that of the Persian Empire to which Pakistan

Karachi-- The capital of Sindh.

        With the population of eleven million, Karachi is the largest city of Pakistan. The founder of Pakistan Mohammad ali jinnah was born in this city at a time when Karachi was an isolated city having no reputation in late 18th century. The British made it a city of modern age and also the capital of Sindh. Since than Karachi has prospered to a international port as well as the largest trade center of Pakistan. It is a comparatively new and modern city thus it is not as histories as Lahore and Multan and some other cities are so it has no Mughal mosques or tombs rather it boasts modern sky scrappers. The attractions of this city are its color full bazaars and the sea.

Explore Kalash Valley in Pakistan

       The Kalash (Nuristani: Kasivo) or Kalasha, are indigenous people of the Hindu Kush mountain range, residing in the Chitral district of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. They speak the Kalash language, from the Dardic family of the Indo-Iranian languages, and are considered a unique tribe among the Indo-Aryan stock. They are primitive Pagan tribe whose origin is uncertain, it is said that when Alexander the Great passed through this region in 327 B.C. some of the soldiers from his army settled here and are the progenitors of the Kalash.

Culture

The culture of Kalash people is unique and differs drastically from the various ethnic groups surrounding them. They are polytheists and nature

Geography of Pakistan

     Located in the northwestern part of the South Asian subcontinent, Pakistan became a state as a result of the partition of British India on August 14, 1947. Pakistan annexed Azad (Free) Kashmir after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48. Initially, Pakistan also included the northeastern sector of the subcontinent, where Muslims are also in the majority. The East Wing and West Wing of Pakistan were, however, separated by 1,600 kilometers of hostile Indian territory. The country's East Wing, or East Pakistan, became the independent state of Bangladesh in December 1971

.Pakistan occupies a position of great geostrategic importance, bordered by

The Sufi Rockers

      Junoon started their singing career in early 90s. Their vocalist Ali Azmat came from a band whose name was Jupiters and who was one of those bands who introduced pop music in Pakistan and also they together gave a very hit song which is still a favorite song of lot of people that is Dosti (friendship).

The most important member of this rock group is Salman Ahmad, who left his old band that is Vital signs when it was on it’s peak, in search of rock music. Brian is a lead guitarist and an American national, is the third and last member of the Sufi rockers.

Junoon are rightly famous as the Sufi rockers, Sufi if translated in English means mystic. Lyrics of Junoon`s every song are mystic and mostly these lyrics are of some famous mystic poet like Baba Bulle Shah (Junoon`s second last album was also dedicated to Baba Bulle Shah). Junoon`s basic concept is to convey the message of God in their own mode.

Lok Virsa - Folk Festival

    The largest cultural activity in Pakistan is the annual National Folk Festival (Lok Mela), held in October each year. Over the past two decades, this festival has taken on an international flavour and more than 20 different countries have sent their artisans and performers to participate in the festival. Nationally, the festival has become a thing of pride for artisans and performers, who come on their own to participate. Most important of all, the Provinces of Pakistan and Azad Jammu & Kashmir put up beautifully decorated pavilions and visitors have the unique opportunity to see an assortment of Pakistan's traditionally rich culture in the federal capital of Islamabad for an exciting ten days.

The benefits of outsourcing payroll

Payroll companies can offer a fantastic service not only to business owners but their staff too. Payroll is an integral part of business administration and there is a strong need for accurate and efficient processing to ensure the correct calculations are made and employees get the correct salaries each month. However if you are still unsure about why you should outsource this function here are some reasons to choose a payroll company:

 

To save time Payroll is often one of the first functions to be outsourced in a business as it is quantifiable by cost. The function is time consuming but very basic making it much simpler to pass over to a third party. The workload for payroll services is often paperwork intensive and laborious taking several man hours. The work is detailed and tedious and requires great attention and care.

Financial Capital Basics – Intangible Assets

Learn the meaning of an intangible asset. Discover methods of depreciation and amortization. How is the valuation of a financial capital intangible asset calculated?

 

Intangible assets for the most part are treated like any other assets. They’re recorded on the balance sheet and valued as part of owner’s equity. Like other assets, intangibles are used to generate revenue. They are however more difficult to put a value on. This article looks at how intangible assets are valued as well as methods of depreciation. First off it’s important to understand the definition of an intangible asset.

Do You Need Accounting Software For Your Small Business?

If you’re anything like me then you dislike with a vengeance doing your accounts and taxes.

So how can you make this process easier, less painful and cut your accountancy fees?

     Well buying an accounting software package is one way.

First of all you need to decide whether you are going to keep your accounting records manually, that is using pen and paper, or whether you are going to computerize the process.

If you decide that computerizing the process is the way to go then you need to decide whether to buy an accounting software package, for example Sage or Quicken, or whether a spreadsheet, such as Microsoft Excel will suit your needs better.

Zaid Hamid's Mission Takmeel e Pakistan

  Mr. Zaid Hamid is a security consultant and strategic defense analyst. He is the founder of BrassTacks, a unique Pakistani Think Tank devoted to the study of regional and global political events and their implications for Pakistan's security and interests. As an expert on the subject, he is frequently invited to speak on national television networks, and runs his own dedicated program on the News1 channel, named "BrassTacks with Zaid Hamid". This program has pioneered a new trend in currents affairs programming in Pakistan, where he skillfully knits together the undercurrents of apparently disconnected global events, and builds a bigger perspective on the threats that we face and where our true national interests lie. Owing to the tremendous appreciation received by these educational program series, a number of people have expressed interest in learning more about Mr. Zaid. We present below a brief overview of his personal life, interests and expertise.

Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance

At the dawn of the nuclear age, the United States hoped to maintain a monopoly on its new weapon, but the secrets for making nuclear weapons soon spread. Four years after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Japan in August 1945, the Soviet Union detonated its first nuclear device. The United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), and China (1964) followed. Seeking to prevent the nuclear weapon ranks from expanding further, the United States and other like-minded states negotiated the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. In the decades since, several states have abandoned nuclear weapons programs, but others have defied the NPT. India and Pakistan have never signed the treaty and possess nuclear arsenals. Iraq initiated a secret nuclear program under Saddam Hussein before the 1991 Persian Gulf War. North Korea announced its withdrawal from the NPT in January 2003 and has tested nuclear devices since that time. Iran and Libya have pursued secret nuclear activities in violation of the treaty’s terms, and Syria is suspected of doing the same. Still, nuclear nonproliferation successes outnumber failures and dire forecasts decades ago that the world would be home to dozens of states armed with nuclear weapons have not come to pass.

Google WebSearch? & Google Adsense - Yahoo

The makers of the world renowned search engine, Google, have taken things a step further to increase their user loyalty, grow their user base and at the same time reward websites for helping them promote their search engine. What a beautiful deal.

Google now offers WebSearch? allowing AdSense members to take the earning potential of their sites to an even higher level. Is it all about the money? For most I bet the answer will be ?YES?, however, those who would say no can say so with confidence.

Pay-Per-Click Advertising & Search Engine Optimization

There are pro's & con's to both Pay-Per-Click advertising and optimizing for natural search engine traffic.

PPC advertising has many great benefits. First of all, you get your traffic going quickly. I have used this advantage many times. I test new products and even new websites through PPC advertising before making a decision to promote or scrap my new website or product idea.

I am a firm believer in testing new products before throwing large amounts of money into advertising. PPC advertising is a great way to do this. For example, with Google's Adwords program, you can post your ad, pay a $5 sign-up fee and have highly targeted traffic to your website within an hour. How is that for efficiency?

Google Adsense Strategies and Tips

Adsense is beginning to make a huge impact on the affiliate marketing industry today. Because of this, weak affiliate merchants have the tendency to die faster than ever and ad networks will be losing their customers quickly.

If you are in a losing rather than winning in the affiliate program you are currently promoting, maybe it is about time to consider going into the Adsense marketing and start earning some real cash.

Google is readily providing well written and highly relevant ads that are closely chosen to match the content on your pages. You do not have to look for them yourselves as the search engine will be the doing the searching for you from other people’s source.

Google AdSense: 7 Tips For Creating Sites That Make Money

Having a Google AdSense site is a great way to make money. And to create an AdSense site, all you have to do is have a Google AdSense account (which is free), a website or a blog (which is free), and some articles (which are free if you write them yourself). Once you get your site up and running, the AdSense ads will be targeted to your content.

Therefore, those looking for your content will come by, read your articles, and have a high probability of being interested in the targeted ads. Every time someone clicks an ad, you get paid! That is, as long as you have designed your site to maximize AdSense clickthroughs!

Let's look at seven tips for creating AdSense sites that create money.

Where’s the best place to put Google Adsense Ads?

Why, on your web pages of course. Ok, just kidding. The real question should be: “Is there really any truth to the rumors that where you place those Google AdSense ads can actually improve response?” According to my best information, the answer to that question is: Yes.
Google’s own AdSense experts say that that there is a direct correlation between the placement of the AdSense ads and the resulting clickthrough.
When ads are placed in “content zones”, rather than in “advertising zones”, response rates on Google AdWords goes up. There are also indications showing that ads appearing on the right side of the page get clicked more than ads appearing on the left side.

5 Secret Tips to Effective Pay Per Click Advertising

Yes, pay per click advertising will cost you but if you do it right, it should make you money. If you are running pay per click advertising campaign and more money is going out than coming in, something is not right. Here are 5 steps to targeting the right keywords and minimizing costs.

Are your keywords too broad?

Let's just say you have developed an amazing diet drink that is safe, effective, tasty and will guarantee that people will lose 15 lbs in 30 days. You know you have a product that is a winner and are excited about marketing it on the World Wide Web. However, you are relatively new to the Web and pick keywords that are too general and expensive like 'dieting'

SEO Advertisting & Pay Per Click PPC

Advertising can be an easy way to break into the internet but there are many downsides to it. Unless you are running a community based site, have a site offering very unique content, a valuable service or product the traffic usually only comes as long as your paying for it. Of course ad campaigns can also be very expensive to run and maintain so you need to be sure your squeezing everything you can out of it. You should only proceed with a ad campaign if you are positive your site is the best it can be, otherwise you may just be pouring money away. There are thousands of companies on the internet who offer to provide you with ad campaigns, many of which never deliver, do not let any of these points put you off advertising.

10 Adsense Tips for Maximum Click Through Rates

1) You should make your Adsense ads look as a part of your web page. They shouldn't look like an Ad. People are negative to advertising. They search the internet for content not ads. Especially Banners have a less of 0,5% response. Their days are over. Imagine if you have an Adsense ad looking like the typical Banner with different colors. It will not be profitable.

2) Text ads are better than image ads. Like before, people are more responsive to text than images. In a way it is considered as a part of the online document and is more clickable.

"Pay-Per Click" Ad Campaign: Earn More By Spending Less

    What is "Pay-Per Click"? "Pay-Per Click", is an easy to understand advertising strategy. There are around 300 million searches at major search engines everyday. This causes 80% of internet traffic. Placing your websites on these search engines is very important in reaching as many potential customers as possible. But in order to be seen and clicked most frequently, your website should be viewed at the top most of the search list. Most people only reach up to the third page of a search engine so the lower your rank, the lesser the chance you will be clicked. In "Pay-Per Click" advertising, you pay to be always visible on the internet. You select keywords or key phrases about your website, and the highest bidder ranks the best. There is no upfront cost. You only pay after a visitor clicks your link. This is why it is called "Pay-Per Click".

PPC Advertising – The First Step In A SEO Marketing Campaign

Often, sites view seo and PPC marketing as exclusive marketing techniques. Each marketing method has its advocates. In reality, both have a place in the Internet marketing process. If you intend to pursue a major seo effort, a PPC campaign is a critical early step.

PPC For Testing

Let’s say you have a site offering a service or product in the travel market. You’ve put together a healthy budget and decided to go for broke. Yep, you’re optimizing and trading links in an effort to go after keyword phrases with

Google Adsense

      Obviously running your own website can be a time consuming and sometimes slightly costly affair and so it is only fair that you should expect to get something back for your efforts. Google Adsense is a program designed to allow webmasters to make a little bit of profit out of those that visit their websites by exposing them to targeted text based adverts.

 

         The idea is that you sign up online and then install the code Google give you on your own site somewhere you think that it will draw attention without messing up the styling of your site. Whenever someone visits your

The Truth About Google Adsense

Make $$$$ with Google Adsense! Top Paying Keywords! $100 per click!

        You have seen these headlines, right? Are they real? Can one person clicking on you Adsense links really earn you a $100? Maybe, maybe not. Most of the top paying keyword lists are a big crock of S**T! There is no doubt that the adsense program is one of the most successful marketing programs ever created. And yes webmasters are making money with Google Adsense but how much and how are they doing it is the real question.

         There are too many scam artists who are trying to rip you off with some so called "top paying keyword list" Don't fall for it! Yes some keywords are worth $5 $10 $50 or even a $100 because that is what the advertiser is willing to pay Google to display those ads. It doesn't mean that is what you are going to make. Think about it, if a company is willing to pay $100 per click don't you think they are going to be watching the numbers pretty close. For that price they want highly qualified leads not thousands of people clicking on it and running up there tab. 1000 clicks at $100 each is $100,000. Now if that company gets $500,000 in business, fine but if they get $500 in business for that return then as the Donald says "someone will be fired!"

In the course of building several websites and using Google Adsense I made several discoveries. I put together a crappy little website and that crappy little website earned me $100 in a month. Not big money but pretty surprising since I didn't have that many visitors. Don't believe the screen shots showing you making hundreds a day and thousands a week. It could happen but those screen shots have been altered to inflate the income. Putting these discoveries into use on other websites have proven they work. There is no reason you can't make a $1000-$3000 a month over a period of time. I am not going to kid you. It takes work but once you get the ball rolling you will see your income rise. It is one thing to sell you a list of "top paying keywords" its another to tell you how to set up your websites and how to drive traffic to it.

There are steps anyone can take can take to increase their adsense earnings such as learning about the why the best placement for your ads is above the fold, what colors work best and how easy it is to match them to your site, but it can take lots of trial and error or you can learn from someone who has already tested it out. For example did you know--Why you don't need thousands of visitors to your website (you might be surprised) and how only 2 or 3 visitors a day can actually make you more money than 1000 visitors. You should learn why you want to make your visitors click and move on and why you shouldn't care that they don't stay. This is the exact opposite of every article you have ever read about creating "sticky" sites.

Yes there is money to be made with google adsense and top paying keywords can make you more but don?t get ripped off by paying too much for some ?magic list?. There is no free lunch.

TJ Smith is a writer and the creative force behind several websites. His report ?The Truth About Google Adsense? has been helping website owners increase their adsense income substantially. It can be ordered through http://www.borgstar.net

Home-Based Business Owners, You Need Insurance Coverage

When you start a home-based business, buying insurance may not be your first priority, but you cannot afford to ignore it either. When the unexpected happens -- and it will -- having insurance coverage may mean the difference between the success and failure of your home-based business.
You may not require all types of insurance listed here, but taking some time now to consider your insurance needs can save you money and headaches in the future. Ultimately, after reading this article, the best way to determine your complete needs is to consult with your insurance agent. Explain to them the details of your

Experts in Home Health Management, Inc. “Loving Care for You and Your Loved Ones”

While recovering from an illness, accident or major operation, home health care can be relaxing and comfortable in the home and can actually speed up recovery. Escalating cost of clinical care in hospitals and nursing homes is another reason why more and more people are opting for home health care. While home care a better option than hospital because lack of knowledge about the proper way of handling patient and taking care of his daily needs can be a big deterrent at home. Experts in Home Health Management, Inc., a leading Michigan home health care agency providing can be your right companion in taking care of you or your loved ones and helping them in their day to day activities. Whether it is post operative care, or recovering from an illness, accident or care for elderly suffering from any health issues like diabetes, Hypertension, Parkinson to name a few. Experts in Home Health Management offers services on intermittent basis to help you take care of your loved ones. This includes either "hands on” care and /or observation of changing medical conditions. We extensively cover Wayne, Oakland, Macomb and St Clair counties. The services for Medicare recipients are 100% covered and there is not even co-pay. All other insurances are governed by their insurance plans. Having services from home health care will not affect your benefits in any way. At Experts, the therapy staff is dedicated to assisting the patient in reaching therapeutic goals. Our Nurses and therapist are registered and we do not use any LPN’s or PTA’s to ensure excellent service. Regardless of your physical condition, the goal of “EXPERTS” is to offer compassionate care to help you or your beloved one gain maximum independence For more information on various Macomb health care services, home health care Michigan, Oakland skilled nursing offered by Experts in Home Health Management

How to Watch Satellite Tv and Free PPV Online

A new website is helping people to finally ditch their TV providers and toss out the high monthly bills that come with cable TV, satellite TV, and direct TV. In a no nonsense claim Satellite Direct is experiencing great success. For the vast majority of people worldwide good and affordable TV service can be hard to come by.

Because of today's rocky economic climate, many households are cutting back wherever they can. And with cable and satellite television costing anywhere from $65- $150 a month (more if you count premium movie channels) many people are making their television sets the first part of their homes to get the axe.

Learn the secret methods to boost your adsense earnings overnight

       Most webmasters know that Adsense generates a sizeable source of additional advertising income. That is why most of them use it to go after high paying keywords. They have with them the lists that tells what the keywords are and have already used various methods of identifying them. And yet, after putting up these supposed-to-be high paying keywords into their pages, the money they expected to come rolling in is not really coming in.

Will Thermal oil replace Steam as a Heat ?

Thermal oils as a heat transfer media is gaining acceptance replacing steam in many applications. This article is a brief on its advantages over steam , specifications and applications.

What is Thermal Oil?

Thermal oils are heat transfer fluids that transfer the heat from one hot source to another process. This could be from a combustion chamber or from any exothermic process. The main application is in fluid phase heat transfer.

Languages of Pakistan

         Language is that part of human life, which has been created by the social loving attitude of man. Basically man has created it to fulfil his own social needs making communication possible and to understand the feelings and experience of others. Language is a very important part of culture rather language plays a massive role in creating and polishing a culture.

Pakistan is a totally different country as far as its languages are concerned from rest of the world. Because it has got so much different languages spoken within its boundaries. There are only a few countries with such diversity of medium of communication. It's also an interesting point that a person belonging to an area hardly understands the language spoken in neighbouring area or province.

Muscle Gaining Meal Plan

     Hi dear readers, I am so excited because I have a good news want to share with you guys, recently I heard that there is a brand new e-book about muscle building from my friends---"Muscle Gaining Secrets"---- they took the program of this book into action and had a fantastic result in the end, I am so jealous and interested, so I spend some time knowing how this book can lead such magical results, I also want you to know that just like me.

 

Jason Ferruggia is the author of this E-book; he is a very famous body trainer and a writer as well. He has been in this field for almost 15 years, we can totally trust him. He published a lot of articles about

Thigh Exercises For Women

       For women, shaping the muscles of the thighs is an important fitness goal. A shapely lower body is considered very feminine, and the right proportion of the waist to the hips is part of the equation. It's surprising, but true, thigh toning exercises can be done at home, without equipment and results can be seen in 4-6 weeks. Also, did you know that thigh and hip toning gadgets are not required if you know which exercises work, and how to do them. Most importantly, thigh exercises are most effective when combined with aerobic exercise and a healthy diet.

This means that women must not only do the right thigh exercises, but also include aerobic exercise and sound nutrition to get best results. The following exercises are the most effective front thigh exercises for women. The routine also includes inner thigh and rear thigh exercises.

The Advantages Of A Full-Body Bodybuilding Program To Your Health

In case you're still debating on whether or not to star working out, I hope that this article will practically yank you into the gym. With the ever increasing number of people who are into all that fitness vibe, you must admit they can't all simply be idle. If a guy in your neighborhood jogs every morning, then it might just be him releasing his stress. But, if half the guys you know are all into that fitness fiasco, then it must certainly be because of the numerous advantages that are associated with working out.



First of all, exercise leads to a healthier body. Research has shown that people who keep fit by doing some form of exercise have a higher life expectancy and at the same time have a lower risk of getting conditions

1992 Cricket World Cup

With the eighth World Cup so near I have been reliving memories of the past editions of the tournament. The 1992 World Cup was the one I followed most closely and the first memories I have, or most people would have, are of Mark Greatbatch and 'hitting out' in the early overs. It was the legend of the '92, World Cup and became an integral part one-day international cricket.
World Cup 1992, overall, was considered a World Cup of innovation and the Kiwis, playing to home advantage, led the way.

In the opening match they surprised everyone, including the Australians, by opening the batting with pinch-hitter Rod Latham, and the bowling with Deepak Patel. The concepts of slow bowlers and pinch-hitters had been tried in the 1987 World Cup but they were used to perfection in the 1992 edition. Mark Greatbatch led the way, with Brian Lara, Ian Botham et all following suit as pinch-hitters.

The History of Muay Thai

    With origins in Thailand, Muay Thai is a popular sport in many Eastern countries. Surprisingly, it began as a martial art known as Krabi Krabong (a Siamese martial art) in which weapons were used. This is quite unique, considering that in modern Muay Thai, weapons are not used at all. Krabi Krabong students will, however, use similar hand to hand combat techniques after they or their opponents have lost their weapons. This can be considered the true origins of Muay Thai.

Of course, with all martial arts, time and different generations have an effect on a particular art and it will often evolve or change with the world around them. Krabi Krabong soon morphed into the ancient Muay Boran, a martial art very close to the Muay Thai as it is known today. Again, with time, Muay Boran evolved yet again and was divided into four different art forms for different regions North, Northeast, Center Region and South and were called Muay ThaSao, Korat, Lobburee, and Chaiya.

Imran Khan - 1992 Cricket World Champion

Pakistan upset the odds at the 1992 World Cup as they lifted the trophy in Australia with victory over England in the final.
Former captain Imran Khan, now a politican, recalls one of the highlights of his career
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conditions were not in Pakistan's favour in Australia. How confident were the team before the start of the competition?
I always entered every event with a self-belief that I could win, although our team had a bad track record in Australia. To add to that we had several injuries.

Waqar Younis had to return home - he was bowling at his fastest at that time so it was a huge blow - Saeed Anwar and Ata-ur-Rehman also fell unfit.

So we had new players like Aamir Sohail, Inzamam-ul-Haq and others like Iqbal Sikander and Waseem Haider, who were never heard of before or after the Cup.

12 Keys To Super-Charging Your Metabolism For Weight Loss!

You hear it all the time - "metabolism", but what is it? It's the process of converting food to energy (movement and heat). Metabolism happens in your muscles and organs and the result of it is what we commonly refer to as "burning calories". Metabolism is essentially the speed at which your body's motor is running.



"Basal metabolism" is the metabolic rate or caloric expenditure needed to maintain basal body functions such as your heart beating, breathing, muscle tone, etc. It's how fast your "motor" is running when you're still in a reclined position or sleeping. Basal metabolism accounts for about 75% of the calories you expend on a daily basis!

Hydrostatic Force on a Submerged Surface

On any surface or body that is submerged in water or any other liquid, there is a force acting because of the hydrostatic pressure. Learn how to determine the magnitude of this force.

Forces on planar surfaces

If the surface is planar, a single resultant point force is found, mechanically equivalent to the distributed pressure load over the whole surface.



This resultant point force acts compressively, normal to the surface, through a point termed the “center of pressure”.



Its magnitude is: F=γzkA, where:

Vapor Power Cycles Used in Steam Power Plants

This article discusses the different vapor power cycles used in steam power plants worldwide, such as the Carnot cycle, the Rankine cycle, the Regenerative cycle, and the Reheat cycle. How does each compare?Vapor Power Cycles

Vapor power cycles, as the name suggests, use vapor in one phase of the cycle for power generation or for moving the prime mover in steam power plants or in steam powered ships. Water is used as a working fluid in steam power plants because of its abundant supply, very low cost, and suitability. In this article we discuss the various types of cycles that have been used in steam power plants over the years and their modifications.

Researchers Create 'Sound Bullets': Highly Focused Acoustic Pulses Could Be Used as Sonic Scalpels and More

        The acoustic lens and its sound bullets (which can exist in fluids -- like air and water -- as well as in solids) have "the potential to revolutionize applications from medical imaging and therapy to the nondestructive evaluation of materials and engineering systems," says Chiara Daraio, assistant professor of aeronautics and applied physics at Caltech and corresponding author of a recent paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) describing the development.
Daraio and postdoctoral scholar Alessandro Spadoni, first author of the paper, crafted their acoustic lens by assembling 21 parallel chains of stainless steel spheres into an array. Each of the 21 chains was strung with 21 9.5-millimeter-wide spheres. (Daraio says particles composed of other elastic materials and/or with different shapes also could be used.)

Petrol engine versus diesel engine

An engine is a lump of metal which makes the vehicles go zoom. Major types of engines are petrol and diesel. The engines required to run petrol and diesel are different because petrol and diesel are different types of fuel. Petrol is a highly volatile fuel and gets ignited very easily whereas diesel is comparatively heavy and dirtier fuel. We would be talking about 4 stroke engines only, the ones used in cars. People who know me must be wondering why am I writing this article, i being a computer engineer. Hmmm, because, i am supposed to buy a car now and have been doing some research on them. The first question I came upon was whether a petrol or a diesel car.
 And, all i want to do is to share all that i have learned with you people.

Petrol Engine Versus Diesel Engine

The choice between Petrol cars and Diesel cars is highly debated right from the inception of these two engine types. There have been endless discussions on this topic among car enthusiasts across the world including India. This article is dedicated to comparing these two most famous engine variations.

Nuclear Energy – Current Storage of Radioactive Waste

Nuclear Power Stations create three levels of radioactive waste in their spent fuel. being Low Level Waste, Intermediate Level Waste, and High Level Waste. Low level waste can be sent to hazardous landfill sites, but intermediate and high level wastes are currently stored at the nuclear plants.

Introduction to Nuclear Reactors and Radioactive Wastes

Nuclear energy relies on the controlled reactions of enriched uranium UO2. In a Pressurised Water Reactor, this UO2 in circular disc form is packed in fuel rods which are bundled together to form the fuel assembly.

Domestic Refrigerator Parts and their Working

The domestic refrigerator is one found in almost all the homes for storing food, vegetables, fruits, beverages, and much more. This article describes the important parts of the domestic refrigerator and also their working.



Parts of the Domestic Refrigerator and how they Work

The domestic refrigerator is one found in almost all the homes for storing food, vegetables, fruits, beverages, and much more. This article describes the important parts of the domestic refrigerator and also their working. The parts of domestic refrigerator can be categorized into two categories: internal and external. Let see these in details along with their images.

Steps Required to Perform a Finite Element Analysis

The finite element analysis (FEA) or finite element method (FEM) or computer aided engineering (CAE) is used widely. What is FEA? How CAE works? The article will discuss these all using a flow chart for a typical finite element analysis.



What is Finite Element Analysis?

The finite element analysis (FEA) or FEM is a problem solving approach for the practical (engineering)

Welding Inspection Methods Using Non Destructive Testing (NDT) Techniques

Welding is a well established process of joining metals together, and a great advancement on riveting. However, some welds failed when put under load, prompting a more thorough method of inspection of welded joints Nowadays there are various techniquesfor non-destructive testing of welds (NDT)



Introduction to Nondestructive Testing of Welding.

When I served my time in Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast in the 1960’s, welding had thankfully taken over from riveting. My old next door neighbour had been a riveter on the Titanic and was stone deaf due to the constant hammering of the pneumatic equipment used in those days.

How Does CAD Works?

What is Computer Aided Design?

The CAD or the computer aided design process is the enrichment of the traditional manual design process by using computer software and hardware extensively. By using computer the whole design process becomes much faster and robust.





The output of a computer aided design process typically is 2D and/or 3D geometry like curves, surfaces and solids. But often the CAD geometry also contains data like material properties, dimensions, tolerance and manufacturing process specific information.





A typical computer aided design process has the following steps:



•Conceptual system design: Initially, a very rough CAD model of the system is being created without considering the strict dimension control. The main purpose here is just to visualize the product idea.

•Freezing the concept: By reviewing the conceptual system the concept is being frozen. And thus the system level assembly is being finalized.

•Detail component design: The detailed CAD geometry of the individual components is then created with appropriate dimensions and tolerances.

•PDM: Product data management is the database for the CAD geometry and the related documents. In simple term, PDM helps systematic access and revisions of CAD data.

•CAE: The detailed CAD geometry is then used as input for computer aided engineering (CAE) or finite element analysis (FEA) to know whether the geometry will sustain the loading condition or not, if not then required modification is done for the CAD geometry and so on.

•CAM: Once the CAD geometry passed FEA, it then used as input for the computer aided manufacturing for generating NC codes. This NC codes are fed to the CNC machines for manufacturing the components.

How Does CAD Work?

•A CAD software package and sometimes a graphics card must be installed there in your computer for a typical CAD system to work.

•The heart of a CAD software package is its graphics kernel.

•Another important part of the CAD packages is the GUI. The GUI is used for getting user input and displaying the CAD geometry.

•Most of the times, the mouse and the key boards are used as input devices however, the little unknown devices like: tracker ball, digitizer etc are also used sometimes.





•As shown in the above picture, the input from the input devices go to GUI, the GUI then send the input to the graphics kernel in suitable form. The graphics kernel generates the geometric entities and signals the graphics card to display it through the GUI. This is the explanation of the working of a CAD system in a simplest form.

Conclusion

The basic difference between the CAD package and the other software package is that the CAD package has to handle large amount of graphics data and thus the graphics kernel explained in “How does CAD Works?” section is very important. The computer aided design process dicussed under the "What is computer aided design?" section are the outline of the process and may vary from situation to situation.

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Design

Introduction

The flow pattern in a shell and tube heat exchanger is typically not exactly counterflow or parallel flow, as with a double pipe heat exchanger. Rather, the flow pattern is typically some mix of counterflow, parallel flow and crossflow. The log mean temperature difference, which is used for shell and tube heat exchanger design, works for most of the varied flow patterns that occur in this type of heat exchanger. The general configuration and terminology for shell and tube heat exchangers is covered in 'Types of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers'. This article will pick up from there.

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Flow Patterns

Instead of simply one pipe inside another, as for a double pipe heat exchanger, a shell and tube heatexchanger uses multiple tubes in a bundle inside of a 'shell'. This gives a more compact heat exchanger for a given heat transfer area, but the flow patterns are somewhat more complicated for a shell and tube heat exchanger. The diagram at the left shows the general configuration. Some of the shell and tube heat exchanger options that affect the flow pattern are U-tube or straight tube and how many passes (tube side). The shell side flow pattern is determined by baffles as shown in the diagrams.

A u-tube shell and tube heat exchanger has the tube side fluid entering and exiting at the same end of the heat exchanger, with the fluid making a 'u-turn' through tube bends at the other end, as shown in the upper diagram at the right. A u-tube shell and tube heat exchanger will automatically have two tube passes.

A straight tube shell and tube heat exchanger has a tube sheet and a plenum at both ends as shown in the lower two diagrams. The straight tube heat exchanger shown at the right has one tube pass and the one on the left has two tube passes.





Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Design

The required heat transfer surface area for a shell and tube heat exchanger design is typically found from the basic heat exchanger equation: Q = UA ΔTlm, where:



Q = rate of heat transfer between the two heat exchanger fluids, Btu/hr,



U = overall heat transfer coefficient, BTU/hr-ft2-oF,



A = heat transfer surface area, ft2,



ΔTlm = log mean temperature difference in oF, calculated from the inlet and outlet temperatures of the two fluids.



The basic heat exchanger equation, and the above parameters, are discussed in 'Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design'. An example calculation with the basic heat transfer equation is given in 'Preliminary Heat Exchanger Design Example'.



If the required flow rate and temperature change of one of the fluids is known along with the flow rate and one temperature for the other fluid (or both temperatures for the other fluid), an estimate for the heat transfer coefficient, and the shell and tube heat exchanger flow pattern to be used, then the required heat transfer area can be calculated using the basic heat exchanger equation.



After the needed heat transfer surface area is calculated, an appropriate diameter, length and number for the tubes can be determined and the shell can be sized and designed. The tube sheets and baffles will also need to be designed.

Safety Devices in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Plants

Compressor Safety

A compressor in a refrigeration or air conditioning plant has to be provided with some safeties to protect it from operational faults. The three common safeties provided are the high pressure trip, the low pressure trip, and the low oil pressure trip among the others. A compressor has to be protected against high pressure that can cause structural failure therefore a high pressure cut out is provided, similarly any deficiency in the oil pressure can damage the bearings and a low oil pressure cut out has to be provided, a lower atmospheric in the pipe line can cause air ingress and therefore must be avoided. In this article we discuss the different safeties one by one.



High Pressure Cut Out

High pressure can be caused in a refrigeration plant due to various causes like over charge, loss of cooling water, high ambient temperature, air, or other incompressible gases in the system, and obstruction in the discharge line of the compressor. For protecting the compressor from high pressure and subsequent failure, a high pressure cut out is provided that take a pressure tapping from the discharge line and when it detects an over pressure, it stops the compressor. The HP cut out is not resettable automatically but has to be reset manually by the operator. This is because the high pressure is a serious fault and the cause must be investigated and corrected before the plant is started again.



Construction of High Pressure Cut Out



Operation of a High Pressure Cut Out

The high pressure cut out as shown in the diagram is of a simple construction. It has a bellows that is set against a spring. The nut at the end of the spring is used to adjust the cut out pressure. When the high pressure gas enters the bellow, the bellow expands and presses the spring. At the cut off pressure the movement of the bellow against the spring releases the catch and the contact is broken and the compressor cuts off.



The switch arm can be pressed and the cut out reset after the cause of the over pressure has been found and rectified.



Low Pressure Cut Out

To protect the compressor against low pressure in the system and to avoid the ingress of air into the system if a vacuum is generated in the lines a low pressure cut out is provided. Also when the refrigerated compartments are cut off by the solenoids and there is no return gas, the low pressure cut out is activated. When the solenoid of the refrigerated compartments open, the return gas comes in the inlet of the compressor and the suction pressure rises, and then the low pressure switch cuts in the compressor.



Unlike the high pressure cut out, the low pressure cut out is self-resettable and does not need to be reset manually.



Low Pressure Cut Out Layout



Low Oil Pressure Cut Out

The oil is pumped under pressure by an attached oil pump that supplies oil to the bearings for lubrication. Any problem in the lube oil pressure can jeopardize the bearings and therefore a tapping is taken from the pump outlet and fed to the oil pressure switch. Any fall in the pressure will activate the cut out which will stop the compressor.



Oil Separator

As oil is miscible with the refrigerant and often goes out of the compressor with it, it can go to the evaporator where it can cause a decrease in heat transfer. To avoid the oil from going to the evaporator where it can form a layer inside or cause obstruction an oil separator is used. It basically consists of baffle plates that separate the oil from the refrigerant and feed it back to the compressor. A float valve is provided so that short circuiting of the refrigerant should not take place.



Oil Separator Construction



Conclusion

The refrigeration plant compressor has to be protected against unnatural working conditions by safety devices and controls. The high pressure cut out, the low pressure cut out, and the low oil pressure cut out are some of the basic protective devices provided. In large complex circuits other additional safety devices are provided according to the complexity of the circuit.

Differences in a Nuclear and Coal Fired Power Plant Steam Cycle

The nuclear power plant and the fossil thermal power plant both use steam to convert the heat or thermal energy to mechanical rotation to rotate the generator to produce electricity. Only the heat source is different. In a nuclear plant, the heat source is from the nuclear reaction whereas in a thermal power plant it is from the combustion of coal.



The difference is in the inlet steam parameters to the turbine in a nuclear plant. Thermal power plants use steam at superheated conditions. In nuclear plants, the steam is at saturated conditions and at a lower pressure. This is due to the inherent design limitations in the nuclear reactors.



In fossil power plants the inlet steam parameters are typically temperatures of 540 º C to 580 º C and pressures of 170 bar or even higher. In addition, there is additional heating in the form of re-heating. In a nuclear plant, the ratings are typically saturated steam at 78 bar, which is steam temperature of 298 º C. The nuclear plant uses a 'wet steam turbine'.



Increased Steam Flow.

The reduced inlet steam parameters in the nuclear plant results in lower thermal efficiencies. Nuclear plants operate at lower thermal efficiencies , lower by more than 10 %. The energy of steam per unit mass entering the turbine is also less.



This results in a very high steam flow for the same MW output, almost double that of fossil power plants.



The configurations of the turbines change due to this. The economics of scale requires the nuclear plants to be in the range of 600 MW to 1000 MW resulting in very big Turbines.



Fossil plants turbines normally have one High Pressure one Intermediate Pressure and a double flow Low Pressure (LP) cylinder.



The LP turbine exhausts to very low pressure. The volume of steam leaving the LP turbine is very high. The higher flows require very long last stage blades to keep the exit velocities and exit loss very low. This results in very high stresses in the blades. The sizing of the LP turbine is limited due to the size of the Last Stage Blades. Therefore, each LP turbine has a flow limitation.



One way to overcome this limitation is to increase the number of LP turbines. Large Nuclear plants have apart from an HP /IP stage two or three double flow LP turbines connected in tandem.



Another way is to reduce the speed. Since the stress on the Last Stage Blades is speed dependent reducing the turbine speed by half reduces the stress resulting in bigger sized LP turbines. In such cases the turbine runs at 1500 or 1800 rpm. This requires specially designed four pole generator rotors. This results in a lower number of LP turbines. This is more helpful in 60 Hz countries.



Wet Steam

Nuclear steam turbines are 'wet steam turbines'.



Since the steam is at saturated conditions, after each stage expansion the steam gets wetter. The water particles result in lower efficiency of the turbine. This results in erosion damage to the blades. In addition, this results in vibrations and stress in the last stage. To overcome this nuclear steam turbines use special design of blades and flow paths.



Moisture separators located in the steam path at exit of HP / IP and in the cross under pipes reduce the undesirable effects of the moisture in the steam. Moisture Separator Reheaters also are used. These use extracted steam to aid in moisture removal.



No Reheating

Nuclear steam cycles do not have Reheating as in fossil units. This also reduces the cycle efficiency.
Even with the much lower thermal efficiency, Nuclear power is feasible due to low unit cost of fuel.

ISO 50001 – International Standard on Energy Management

Energy efficiency and energy resource management is very relevant in today's context of global warming and climate change. Energy production is responsible for sixty percent of the worlds Green House Gas emissions. The proposed standard is in line with this requirement to help firms and organizations address and reference energy management issues on a global standard.



ISO 50001 is also proposed to be in line with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards that address quality management and environmental management issues. Also, it will have the common elements of ISO's management standards like the continual improvement vide Plan-Do-Check-Act method adopted in the earlier ISO Management standards.



Implementation of ISO 9001 means what the organization does to fulfill the customer's quality requirements,and applicable regulatory requirements, while aiming to enhance customer satisfaction,



Implementation of ISO 14001 means what the organization does to minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, and to achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.



Similarly ISO 50001 implementation is expected to address what the organization does to effectively manage energy resources and performance that is relevant to global standards”.



Considering the fact that



•Energy production is the main contributor to GHG emissions.

•Energy efficiency is the quickest and cheapest way to reduce CO2 emissions

•Increased cost of Energy resources

•Reduced availability of fossil fuels and other basic sources of energy in the future.

an international standard was a along felt need. Combining technical and strategic management aspects are expected to give this standard wide acceptability.



The standard is expected to address issue like:



•measuring, reporting, benchmarking energy use improvements.

•assess energy improvement projects impact on GHG emissions.

•create transparency in the management of energy resources.

•evaluate the improvements in implementation of energy efficient technologies.

•validate continuous improvement in energy management.

•promoting a framework for efficient use of energy in the organization.

•helping organizations make a better use of their energy assets.

•helping in procurement practices for energy using equipment and systems.

•emphasis management's commitment to energy use and efficiency.

Heavy Lifting Using Hydraulic Jacks - Installing a Boiler Drum

Boiler Drum.

The most critical part of the boiler in a thermal power plant, Boiler drum functions mainly as the feeding point for the water and separating point between water and steam.



In a typical 600 MW thermal power plant, the drum weighs around 300 Tons. The drum itself is a cylindrical vessel of diameter 1.8 meters,12 meters long, 125 mm thick with dished ends and is made of carbon or alloy steel.



The important point for installation apart from the weight is its location. It is located at a height of around 85 meters, high up in the boiler and hung from the top of the boiler structure.



Installation.

Drum lifting is a milestone in boiler erection that signals the completion of the boiler structure installation.



For the installation of this heavy part following issues require special consideration.



•Installation of a heavy weight at a high position requires special attention to safety in all aspects of the operation.

•The boiler structure is already in place to support the weight which means there is restricted access for using heavy cranes near to the lifting point.

•Interference with the structures already in position, require that during part of the lifting the drum is in an inclined position.



Drum lifting was in the earlier days done using winches and pulley blocks. As the unit sizes and drum weights increased, drum lifting using jacks became the preferred method.



Strand Jack.

Using Strand Jacks has become the convenient method of lifting a boiler drum all over the world. Multiple strands in two or more strand jacks slowly but surely lifts the drum to its position. This is a simple method to lift the heavy weight.



Except for the preparation phase, only one or two operators are required for lifting the drum. Multiple strand jacks offer redundancy, reliability and safety. Using Strand Jacks is easier to install than a winch system and less costly than using a very heavy crane.



The Strand Jack is located on temporary beams on top of the boiler structure above the final position of the drum. Two or four jacks are used based on the lifting arrangement. Lateral movements of the jacks are possible by mounting them on roller skids. This is necessary to maintain verticality and to avoid interference with the supporting structure.



Strands

The jacks itself uses multiple strands, 10 to 14 depending on the load and jack capacity. The lower ends of the strands connect to blocks that fix one end of the strands. The other end of the strands is free and moves through the jack. The blocks connect to the lifting lugs of the drum by links or grommets.



The strands are made of high strength special steels.





Lifting

The lifting operation takes around 8 to 12 hours. The drum lifts off directly from the transportation vehicle. Lifting the drum at an incline is necessary to avoid interference with the supporting structures.The multiple jacks can operate in synchronization or separately. This allows for safe lifting evn if the drum is at an incline. Once it reaches the final position the permenant supports are installed.



The attached figures show the steps in a typical boiler drum installation.



The multiple strands and the positive locking method of the jacks give redundancy, reliability and safety for the entire operation.



Images

Using Hydraulic Jacks for Heavy Lifting.

Hydraulic Jacks offer very high mechanical advantage. Special Hydraulic jacks are in use to lift heavy loads. Many times these are alternatives to cranes for lifting and positioning heavy weights. This article series explains some of the applications.

DEFENSE PLANS

.Combine advances in computer models and predictions about group behavior with upgraded video game graphics, and you'll have a virtual world in which defense analysts can explore and predict results of possible military and policy actions, according to computer science researchers at the University of Maryland. The researchers published a commentary on computer predictions in the Nov. 27, 2009, issue of the journal Science.




"Defense analysts can understand the repercussions of their proposed recommendations for policy options or military actions by interacting with a virtual world environment," wrote V. S. Subrahmanian. He's a computer science professor at the university and director of the school's Institute for Advanced Computer Studies.



He and John Dickerson, computer science researcher at the university in College Park, authored the commentary.



Virtual technology can help defense analysts propose policy options and walk skeptical commanders through a virtual world - a world in which one can literally see how things might play out, the pair wrote.



"This process gives the commander a view of the most likely strengths and weaknesses of any particular course of action," they said. "Computer scientists now know pretty much how to do this, and have created a pretty good chunk of the computing theory and software required to build a virtual Afghanistan, Pakistan, or another world.



"Human analysts, with their real world knowledge and experience, will be essential partners in taking us the rest of the way in building these digital worlds and then in using them to predict courses of action," the researchers wrote.

NEW ENERGY ASSESSMENT STANDARDS

ASME will publish four new standards this month that establish requirements for conducting energy assessments at industrial facilities.




Improving the efficiency of industrial systems increases profitability and reliability, and makes better use of assets. Many industrial facilities have the potential to increase the efficiency of their systems, but have difficulty doing so because there is no market definition for energy efficiency assessment services. Lack of a definition creates problems for service providers in establishing market value for their services and for consumers in determining the relative quality of assessment services.



The standards establish procedures for assessments of a facility's entire systems, from energy inputs to the work performed.



The four standards to be published are:



ASME EA-1-2009 Energy Assessment for Process Heating Systems.



ASME EA-2-2009 Energy Assessment for Pumping Systems.



ASME EA-3-2009 Energy Assessment for Steam Systems.



ASME EA-4-2010 Assessment for Compressed Air Systems.



The energy assessment standards are intended to assist plant personnel in identifying cost-effective projects that often have limited capital requirements. They address the topics and requirements for organizing and conducting assessments, analyzing the data collected, and reporting and documentation.



An assessment may also include recommendations for improving resource utilization, reducing per-unit production cost, and improving environmental performance. These recommended practices will be provided in Guidance Documents which ASME expects to publish by mid-2010.



The new standards are a contribution to the framework for assisting U.S. industry to meet the energy intensity improvement criteria of Superior Energy Performance, the program of the U.S. Council for Energy-Efficient Manufacturing, a partnership of U.S. industry, government, and other organizations.



ASME made four Draft Standards for Trial Use available in late 2008 and asked for comments. The systems assessment community offered extensive comments, and revisions were made to the draft standards and Guidance Documents to better reflect current practices, procedures, and improvements. RYAN CRANE